Alimentación basada en plantas y su efecto sobre la salud ósea: del mito a la evidencia Plant-based diets and its effects on bone health: from myth to evidence

Resumen Introducción: la alimentación es uno de los factores modificables más importantes que participa en la salud ósea. Contribuye a ésta, una adecuada ingesta de calcio, vitamina D y proteínas, como así también otros nutrientes. A la alimentación basada en plantas (ABP) se le ha atribuido importantes beneficios para la salud en general, pero mal planificada podría tener efectos deletéreos sobre la salud ósea. Materiales y método: revisión narrativa con búsqueda en el sistema digital de recopilación de información biomédica PubMed cuyo objetivo fue analizar la evidencia científica disponible en la actualidad sobre el efecto de la ABP sobre la salud ósea. Resultados: dentro de los patrones de consumo de la ABP, los veganos que exhiben un consumo de calcio inferior a 525 mg/día presentan mayor riesgo de fractura por fragilidad ósea [incidencia de fractura: 1.37 (IC95%: 1,07; 1,74)]. En cambio, el papel de la hiperhomocisteinemia (HHcy) secundaria al déficit de vitamina B12 y riesgo de fractura continúa siendo controvertido en esta población. Si bien, in vitro la HHcy puede incrementar la actividad de los osteoclastos, en estudios clínicos no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de crosslaps sérico (marcador de resorción ósea) en los consumidores de ABP (vegetarianos) comparados con los omnívoros. Conclusión: una ABP bien planificada, óptima y adecuada, que cubra los requerimientos diarios de calcio, vitamina D, vitamina B12 y proteínas aportará importantes beneficios para la salud general sin afectar la salud ósea en particular, aunque se requiere de futuros estudios para una mejor comprensión de su efecto sobre aspectos específicos del sistema musculo esquelético.

Abstract Introduction: diet is one of the most significant and modifiable factors involved in bone health, as an appropriate intake of calcium, vitamin D and proteins, as well as other nutrients, contributes to this. Significant overall health benefits have been attributed to plant-based diets (PBD); however, poorly planned PBD could have detrimental effects on bone health. Materials and Method: a narrative review through a search in the digital biomedical data collection system PubMed whose objective was to analyze currently available scientific evidence about the effects of PBD on bone health. Results: within the PBD intake patterns, vegans exhibiting calcium intakes below 525mg/day are at a higher risk of fracture due to bone fragility [incidence of fracture: 1.37 (95% CI: 1.07; 1.74)]. In contrast, the role of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency and fracture risk remains controversial in this population. While in vitro HHcy osteoclast activity may increase, in clinical studies no statistically significant differences in serum crosslaps levels (bone resorption marker) were observed in PBD consumers (vegetarians) when compared to omnivores. Conclusion: a well-planned, optimal and adequate PBD, covering daily calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and proteins requirements, will provide significant benefits to the overall health condition without affecting bone health in particular, although future studies are required in order to better understand its effects on specific aspects of the musculoskeletal system.

Análisis preliminar de alimentos para la población vegana/vegetariana. ¿son buenos aportadores de minerales de interés nutricional? / Preliminary analysis of foods for the vegan/vegetarian population. Are they good suppliers of minerals of nutritional interest?

Resumen Introducción: recientemente, se ha evidenciado gran desarrollo de variados productos destinados a la población vegetariana/vegana. Sin embargo, su valor nutricional no ha sido estudiado en profundidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar aporte potencial (AP) y porcentaje de cobertura de requerimientos diarios (%RD) de hierro, calcio y zinc de alimentos dirigidos a poblaciones adolescente y adulta vegetariana/vegana. Materiales y método: se analizaron cinco medallones (4 comerciales, 1 casero) y once bebidas (9 comerciales, 4 de ellas c/jugo frutal y 2 caseras) elaborados con materias primas vegetales. Se estableció el AP de Fe, Ca y Zn en los productos considerando su contenido y dializabilidad porcentual (D%). Se calculó, para una porción de alimento, el porcentaje de cobertura del requerimiento diario de estos minerales. Resultados: el contenido de los minerales en los medallones fue: [Fe] 1,64-4,21 mg%; [Ca] 104-213 mg% y [Zn] 0,53-3,57 mg%; en las bebidas se observó: [Fe] 0,24-2,39 mg%; [Ca] 71-214 mg% y [Zn] 0,18-0,79 mg%. La D% en medallones fue: Fe 7,3-11,9; Ca 10,2-18,2 y Zn 17,0-21,4 y para las bebidas, Fe 5,2-32,8; Ca 6,4-35,7 y Zn 5,9-33,9. El %RD para adolescentes, considerando una porción de medallones fue: Fe mujeres 3,0-9,0%; hombres 5,0-16%; Ca 0,7-6,8% y Zn 1,5-3,9% y para adultos fue: Fe mujeres 3,0-10%; hombres 7,0-20%; Ca 0,6-5,8% y Zn 2,0-5,1%. Al considerar las bebidas, el %RD para adolescentes fue: Fe mujeres 2,0-28%; hombres 4,0-53%; Ca 0,4-22% y Zn 1,3-9,5%. Para adultos fue: Fe mujeres 2,0-31%; hombres 5,0-64%; Ca 0,3-19% y Zn 1,8-12%. Conclusiones: en los medallones se observó bajo %RD para los minerales estudiados. Las bebidas con agregado de jugos de naranja o manzana aportaron cantidades significativas de hierro. El %RD para zinc y calcio de los dieciséis alimentos fue bajo (ambos grupos estudiados). Consecuentemente, para cubrir los requerimientos de estos minerales habría que combinar adecuadamente los alimentos que se consumen.

Abstract Introduction: recently, there has been great development of various products aimed at the vegetarian/vegan population. However, its nutritional value has not been studied in depth. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential intake (PI) and percentage of coverage of daily requirements (% RD) of iron, calcium and zinc from foods aimed at adolescent and adult vegetarian/vegan populations Materials and method: five medallions (4 commercial, 1 homemade) and eleven beverages (9 commercial, 4 of them with fruit juice and 2 homemade) made with vegetable raw materials were analyzed. The PI of Fe, Ca and Zn was established in the products considering their content and percentage dialyzability (D%). It was calculated, for a portion of food, the percentage of coverage of the daily requirement of these minerals. Results: the mineral content in the medallions was: [Fe] 1.64-4.21 mg%; [Ca] 104-213 mg% and [Zn] 0.53-3.57 mg%; in beverages it was observed: [Fe] 0.24-2.39 mg%; [Ca] 71-214 mg% and [Zn] 0.18-0.79 mg%. The D% in medallions was: Fe 7,3-11,9; Ca 10.2-18.2 and Zn 17.0-21.4 and for beverages, Fe 5.2-32.8; Ca 6.4-35.7 and Zn 5.9-33.9. The %RD for adolescents, considering a portion of medallions was: Fe women 3.0-9.0%; men 5.0-16%; Ca 0.7-6.8% and Zn 1.5-3.9% and for adults it was: Fe women 3.0-10%; men 7.0-20%; Ca 0.6-5.8% and Zn 2.0-5.1%. When considering beverages, the %RD for adolescents was: Fe women 2.0-28%; men 4.0-53%; Ca 0.4-22% and Zn 1.3-9.5%. For adults it was: Fe women 2.0-31%; men 5.0-64%; Ca 0.3-19% and Zn 1.8-12%. Conclusions: in the medallions, low % RD was observed for the minerals studied. Drinks with added orange or apple juices provided significant amounts of iron. The %RD for zinc and calcium of the sixteen foods was low (both groups studied). Consequently, to meet the requirements of these minerals, it would be necessary to properly combine the foods consumed.

Characterization of the dietary and sociodemographic profile of a group of Colombian vegetarian women in childbearing age during the period 2021-2022 / Caracterização do perfil alimentar e sociodemográfico de um grupo de mulheres vegetarianas colombianas em idade fértil no período 2021-2022

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the dietary and sociodemographic profile of vegetarian women of childbearing age (18 and 49 years) from the Valle de Aburrá Metropolitan Area in 2021-2022 Methods Through an online survey, 232 vegetarian and vegan women of childbearing age (18 to 49 years) from the Valle de Aburrá Metropolitan Area were surveyed regarding their sociodemographic characteristics, amount of time following this eating pattern and, type and reason for choosing vegetarianism, physical activity, use of nutritional supplements and frequency of consumption of certain food groups. Descriptive analyses, association of variables with the type of vegetarianism and multinomial regression models were performed. Results A total of 232 vegetarian women were surveyed: 60.8% were between 18 and 30 years of age and belonged mainly to the middle class. According to the type of diet, 68.1% used an ovo-lacto-vegetarian diet, 18.1% were vegan, 9.0% lacto-vegetarian and 4.8% ovo-vegetarian. Among the factors evaluated in their potential relationship with the different types of vegetarianism, it is highlighted that vitamin B12 supplementation presents a statistically significant association when using veganism as a comparison category. Conclusion According to the results, among young female adults the vegetarian eating style predominates, without significant differences as to the educational level, adequate levels of physical activity in most of the population; there was a higher prevalence of ovo-lacto-vegetarianism. Vitamin B12 supplementation was significantly higher in the vegan population, indicating that ovo-lacto and ovo-vegetarian populations may be at high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency.

RESUMO Objetivo O estudo objetivou determinar a associação entre o perfil sociodemográfico e alimentar de mulheres vegetarianas em idade fértil (18 a 49 anos) na região metropolitana de Valle de Aburrá (Colômbia) em 2021-2022. Métodos Por meio de um questionário online, 232 mulheres vegetarianas e veganas em idade fértil (18 a 49 anos) pertencentes à região metropolitana de Valle de Aburrá foram entrevistadas sobre suas características sociodemográficas, tempo, tipo e motivo da escolha do vegetarianismo, atividade física, consumo de suplementos nutricionais e frequência de consumo dos grupos dos alimentos. Foi realizada análise descritiva, associação das variáveis com o tipo de vegetarianismo e modelos de regressão multinomial. Resultados Foram entrevistadas 232 mulheres vegetarianas: 60,8% tinham entre 18 e 30 anos e pertencem principalmente à classe social média. De acordo com o tipo de dieta, 68,1% tinham uma dieta ovolactovegetariana; 18,1%, vegana; 9%, lactovegetariana; e 4,8%, ovovegetariana. Entre os fatores avaliados em sua possível relação com os diferentes tipos de vegetarianismo, destaca-se que a suplementação de vitamina B12 apresenta associação estatisticamente significativa ao ter o veganismo como categoria de comparação. Conclusão De acordo com os resultados, entre mulheres adultas jovens, predomina o estilo alimentar vegetariano, sem diferença significativa observada no nível de escolaridade e níveis adequados de atividade física na maioria da população; há também maior prevalência de ovolactovegetarianismo. A suplementação de vitamina B12 é significativamente maior na população vegana, indicando um alto risco de deficiência nas populações ovolacto e ovovegetarianas.

Dietas vegetarianas en niños, niñas y adolescentes: revisión bibliográfica / Vegetarian diets in children and adolescents: a literature review / Dietas vegetarianas em crianças e adolescentes: revisão bibliográfica

Las dietas vegetarianas han alcanzado en los últimos tiempos un gran protagonismo como modalidad de alimentación de nuestra población, incluyendo la población pediátrica. Constituyen una opción de alimentación válida si se planifican adecuadamente. Los padres que optan ofrecer a sus hijos este tipo de dietas deben conocer sus riesgos y potenciales beneficios. El médico del primer nivel de atención que asiste a niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) tiene una formación limitada sobre nutrición, sin embargo debe supervisar que la alimentación de esta población sea la adecuada. Es necesario conocer los alimentos que integran las dietas vegetarianas, así como las necesidades calóricas, de nutrientes críticos y suplementación de estos NNA según su edad. Realizar una adecuada planificación, es el gold standard para mantener un adecuado estado nutricional, crecimiento y desarrollo. El objetivo de esta publicación es revisar los principios de este tipo de dietas, sus beneficios y riesgos, y se establecen algunas consideraciones y recomendaciones prácticas para su abordaje desde la Atención Primaria de la Salud.

Vegetarian diets have recently reached a great protagonism as a way of feeding our population, including the pediatric population. They are a valid feeding option if properly planned. Parents who choose to offer their children this type of diet should know its risks and potential benefits. The primary care physician who assists children and adolescents (NNA) has limited training in nutrition; however, you must supervise that the diet of this population is adequate. It is necessary to know the foods that make up vegetarian diets, as well as the caloric needs, of critical nutrients and supplementation of these children according to their age. Carrying out adequate planning is the gold standard to maintain adequate nutritional, growth and development status. The objective of this publication is to review the principles of this type of diet, its benefits and risks, and establish some practical considerations and recommendations for its approach from Primary Health Care.

A alimentação vegetariana tem atingido recentemente um grande protagonismo como forma de alimentação de nossa população, inclusive a pediátrica. Ela é uma opção de alimentação válida se devidamente planejada. Os pais que optam por oferecer a seus filhos esse tipo de dieta devem estar conscientes de seus riscos e potenciais benefícios. O médico de atenção primária que assiste crianças e adolescentes (NNA) tem treinamento limitado em nutrição; no entanto, deve-se supervisionar se a alimentação dessa população é adequada. É necessário conhecer os alimentos que compõem a dieta vegetariana, bem como as necessidades calóricas, de nutrientes críticos e de suplementação dessas crianças de acordo com a sua idade. Realizar um planejamento adequado é fundamental para manter o estado nutricional, de crescimento e de desenvolvimento adequado. O objetivo deste paper é revisar os princípios desse tipo de dieta, seus benefícios e riscos, e estabelecer algumas considerações práticas e recomendações para sua abordagem desde a perspectiva da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Vegetarian Diets and Cardiovascular Risk in Women

Abstract Introduction: Vegetarian diets have favorable effects on cardiovascular risk, provided that they do not contain ultra-processed foods (UPF). Objective: To compare the metabolic profile, cardiovascular risk, body composition, and food consumption in vegan (VEG), lacto-ovo vegetarian (LOV), and omnivorous (OMNI) women. To verify the association between UPF consumption and cardiovascular risk. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 119 VEG (n = 43), LOV (n = 38), and OMNI (n = 38) women. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters and the Framingham risk score were assessed. Food consumption was assessed by means of a 3-day food register, and intake of macronutrients, micronutrients, and UPF was estimated. The correlation between UPF consumption and cardiovascular risk was assessed using Spearman's coefficient, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The groups showed low cardiovascular risk, without significant difference between them. The VEG and LOV groups had lower body mass index, neck circumference, body shape index, and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) than the OMNI group; greater consumption of carbohydrates, sugars, dietary fibers, micronutrients, beta-carotene, and carotenoids; and lower consumption of total fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol (p < 0.05). Consumption of UPF was lower in the LOV group (5.7 [0.0- 19.8]) than in the OMNI group (14.9 [5.1 - 22.3]; p < 0.05). UPF consumption was associated with SBP (ρ = 0.439; p = 0.007) and blood sugar (ρ = 0.422; p = 0.010) in the VEG group, and in the LOV group it was inversely associated with LDL-c (ρ = −0.456; p = 0.010). Conclusion: Vegetarian women showed better body composition and dietary quality than OMNI women. It is important to take consumption of UPF in vegetarians into consideration, in order to improve cardiovascular risk in women.

Crecimiento en niños y en hijos de madres que adhieren a dietas vegetarianas: revisión de la literatura / Growth in children and in the offspring whose mothers adhere to vegetarian diets: Literature review

Introducción. La prevalencia del vegetarianismo aumenta a nivel mundial y no hay consenso acerca de si este tipo de alimentación es adecuado durante el período de crecimiento. Objetivo. Se realizó una revisión descriptiva de la literatura con el objetivo de conocer si los niños e hijos de madres que siguen dietas vegetarianas crecen de manera diferente a los niños con dietas omnívoras. Métodos. Se incluyen 25 artículos publicados entre los años 1995-2020, que describen el crecimiento prenatal, postnatal y desarrollo puberal en niños vegetarianos e hijos de madres vegetarianas. Conclusión. La escasez de estudios longitudinales y resultados en el largo plazo, la heterogeneidad en la clasificación y el registro de las dietas, además de deficiencias metodológicas, no permiten concluir que el crecimiento de estos niños sea diferente al de los niños que siguen dietas omnívoras. Se requieren estudios longitudinales en el largo plazo para contribuir a dirimir esta controversia

The prevalence of vegetarianism is rising worldwide and there is no consensus about whether it is adequate during the growth period. The objective of this descriptive review is to find out if vegetarian children and children born from mothers who follow vegetarian diets, grow different from those who follow omnivorous diets. Results. 25 articles published between 1995 and 2020 were included describing prenatal and postnatal growth and pubertal development in vegetarian children and children of vegetarian mothers. Conclusion. The scarcity of longitudinal studies and long-term results, the heterogeneity in the classification and registration of the diets, in addition to methodological deficiencies, do not allow to conclude that the growth of these children is different from children on omnivorous diets. Long-term longitudinal studies are required to help to solve this controversy

Revisión bibliográfica: alimentación vegetariana en la infancia y adolescencia / Vegetarian diet in childhood and adolescence

RESUMEN Introducción: la popularidad de las dietas vegetarianas y veganas está aumentando en países occidentales y son adoptadas por niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNyA). Las principales asociaciones de nutrición y dietética del mundo avalan este tipo de práctica alimentaria en estos grupos etáreos si son supervisados y acompañados por profesionales idóneos. Objetivo: tomar posicionamiento como Asociación Argentina de Dietistas y Nutricionistas Dietistas acerca de la implementación de dietas vegetarianas en edad pediátrica y adolescencia, considerando recomendaciones basadas en evidencias científicas. Materiales y método: revisión y actualización bibliográfica, no sistemática con búsquedas en Google Scholar, PudMed y Medline entre diciembre 2018 y marzo 2019. Resultados: la valoración nutricional, evaluando ingesta alimentaria utilizando recordatorio de 24 horas y frecuencia de consumo, orientará sobre cuáles son las potenciales deficiencias nutricionales que puede presentar para adecuar la dieta y/o suplementación de nutrientes específicos. La alimentación vegetariana tiene una densidad energética más baja que la no vegetariana, pero se logran alcanzar las recomendaciones. Las necesidades proteicas se satisfacen fácilmente cuando la dieta incluye variedad de alimentos y las calorías son adecuadas. Algunos autores sugieren aumentar un 10 a 15% la recomendación proteica. Además, considerar el aporte de ácidos grasos omega 3 (EPA y DHA) para lograr el equilibrio óptimo entre los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega3/omega6. Los requerimientos nutricionales de calcio no varían con respecto a los omnívoros. Es imprescindible suplementar vitamina B12 oral a todos los NNyA vegetarianos, incluso en ovolactovegetarianos o en NNyA que consuman habitualmente alimentos fortificados. La suplementación adecuada es la mejor forma de garantizar unos niveles óptimos de esta vitamina. Se recomienda evaluar el estado de la vitamina D suplementando según edad. Conclusiones: La Asociación Argentina de Dietistas y Nutricionistas Dietistas (AADYND) plantea que la alimentación vegetariana y/o vegana planificada, supervisada y suplementada por un profesional de la nutrición idóneo, son saludables en la niñez y adolescencia. Los profesionales de la alimentación y nutrición pueden desempeñar un papel clave en la educación y acompañamiento de las personas vegetarianas acerca de fuentes específicas de nutrientes, preparación de alimentos, y modificaciones dietéticas necesarias para satisfacer sus necesidades(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: the popularity of vegetarian and vegan diets is increasing in western countries and are adopted by children and adolescents (Ch&A). The main nutrition and dietetic associations in the world approve this type of dietary practice in these age groups if they are supervised and accompanied by qualified professionals. Objective: take a position as the Argentine Association of Dietitians and Dietitian Nutritionists about the implementation of vegetarian diets in pediatric and adolescent age, considering recommendations based on scientific evidence. Materials and Method: review and bibliographic update, non-systematic, with searches on Google Scholar, PudMed and Medline between December 2018 and March 2019. Results: The nutritional assessment, evaluating food intake using a 24-hour reminder and frequency of consumption, will provide guidance on what are the potential nutritional deficiencies that may come up, adapt the diet and/or supplementation of specific nutrients. The vegetarian diet has a lower energy density than the non-vegetarian diet but manages to meet the recommendations. Protein needs are easily met when the diet includes a variety of foods and calories are adequate. Some authors suggest increasing the protein recommendation by 10 to 15%. Considering the contribution of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) to achieve the optimal balance between omega3/omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The nutritional requirements of calcium do not vary with respect to omnivores. It is essential to supplement oral vitamin B12 to all vegetarian Ch&A, even in ovolactovegetarians or in Ch&A that habitually consume fortified foods. Proper supplementation is the best way to ensure optimal levels of this vitamin. It is recommended to evaluate the status of vitamin D by supplementing according to age. Conclusions: Argentine Association of Dietitians and Dietitian Nutritionists states that vegetarian and/or vegan food, planned, supervised and supplemented by a suitable nutrition professional, are healthy in childhood and adolescence. Food and nutrition professionals can play a key role in educating and mentoring vegetarians about specific sources of nutrients, food preparation, and dietary modifications necessary to meet their needs(AU)

Aquafaba proveniente da cocção do grão-de-bico (CicerarietinumL): características químicas, padronização do uso e aplicação culinária / Aquafaba obtained from chickpea cooking: Chemical characterization, standardization of use and viability in a recipe

Introdução: A aquafaba, proveniente da cocção do grão-de-bico (CicerarietinumL.), pode ser uma alternativa interessante para formação de espuma, sendo um ingrediente vegetal capaz de conferir características físico-químicas e sensoriais agradáveis a preparações culinárias veganas. Objetivo: Padronizar o processo de obtenção da aquafaba caseira visando aplicação em preparação culinária vegana. Material e Métodos: Após remolho dos grãos, foram utilizadas diferentes proporções de grão e água (v:v) durante o cozimento, totalizando seis experimentos. As amostras de aquafaba caseira foram analisadas quanto à capacidade de formação e estabilidade de espuma e os resultados foram comparados à clara de ovo, visando escolher a melhor proporção grão:água para desenvolvimento de uma mousse de chocolate vegana. As amostras de mousse padrão (clara de ovo) e vegana (aquafaba) foram submetidas ao teste de aceitação utilizando escala hedônica de nove pontos (n = 95 provadores não treinados). Resultados: A espuma da clara de ovo apresentou menor estabilidade (p<0,05), sendo que a aquafaba obtida a partir da proporção 2:3 formou espuma em menor tempo comparado aos demais experimentos. Essa mesma amostra não apresentou diferença significativa na formação e estabilidade de espuma em relação às demais, sendo então utilizada para elaborar a mousse vegana, a qual não diferiu quanto ao sabor (p>0,05) e apresentou melhores médias dos demais atributos avaliados, comparada à mousse padrão (p<0,05). Conclusão: A aquafaba caseira de grão-de-bico (Cicerarietinum L.), 2:3 (grão:água v/v) mostrou boa viabilidade para aplicação culinária em mousse vegana.

Introduction: Aquafaba is a by-product of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) that may represent an interesting alternative forproviding foam formation,at the same time as beinga vegetal ingredient that has pleasant physicochemical and sensory characteristics in culinary vegan recipes. Objective:Standardize the homemade process to obtain aquafaba, with the aim of using it invegan recipes. Material and Methods: After soaking chickpeas overnight, different proportions of chickpea and water (v/v) were used during the cooking process, in six experiments. The homemade aquafaba samples were analyzed with regard to foam formation and stability, and the results were compared to those of egg white, in order to determine the best proportion of grain:waterfor developing a vegan chocolate mousse. The samples of standard (egg white) and vegan (aquafaba) mousse went through an acceptability test using a 9-point structured hedonic scale (n= 95 untrained tasters). Results: The foam obtained from egg white presentedlower stability (p<0.05), while the aquafaba obtained from a 2:3 grain:water proportion formed foam more quickly, when compared to that obtained from other experiments. This same sample did not present any significant difference in foam formation and stability, compared to the other samples and was selected for the vegan mousse preparation, which did not differ in terms of flavor (p>0.05) and presented better means in the other features evaluated, when compared to standard mousse (p<0.05). Conclusion: The homemade chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) aquafaba obtained from a 2:3 proportion of grain:water(v/v) presented viability for culinary application in vegan mousse.

Dietas vegetarianas en alumnos universitarios / Vegetarian diets in first year university students

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha observado un aumento en la popularidad de las dietas vegetarianas, en especial en la población adolescente y adulto joven. Estas dietas se presentan como saludables y balanceadas pero las recomendaciones son controversiales en cuanto a los potenciales déficit nutricionales. OBJETIVO: Identificar la frecuencia y tipos de dieta vegetariana utilizada, su motivación y fuentes de información. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal y analítico en universitarios de primer año de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC). Se realizó una encuesta vía online obteniendo información demográfica y caracterización de dietas de aquellos que se consideraban vegetarianos. Las variables fueron analizadas mediante el software IDM SPSS Statistics® y en planilla Excel® de forma cuantitativa. RESULTADOS: 152 alumnos respondieron la encuesta (15,2% del total), siendo el 49,4% de estos vegetariano. El 32,4% inició este patrón alimentario entre los 12-18 años; sus motivaciones más frecuentes fueron las medio ambientalistas (91,9%) y animalistas (72,9%). El 52,9% de los vegetarianos reciben suplementación de vitamina b 12 pero solo un 15,9% reportó presentar este déficit. El 75,7% obtiene información relacionada acerca de las dietas vegetarianas a través de medios digitales. CONCLUSIÓN: Se encontró un alto porcentaje de estudiantes vegetarianos en las encuestas contestadas, lo que hace necesario que los profesionales de salud estén capacitados en esta área para asegurar una adecuada educación nutricional, suplementación si es necesario, y seguimiento.

INTRODUCTION: There has been an increase in the popularity of vegetarian diets, especially among adolescents and young adults. These diets seem to be healthy and balanced, but the recommendations are contro versial regarding potential nutritional deficits. OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency and types of ve getarian diet used, their motivation, and sources of information. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Cross-sec tional analytical study in freshmen students from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC). Through an online survey, we collected demographic information and diet characterization of those who considered themselves as vegetarians. Variables were analyzed using IDM SPSS Statistics® soft ware and in Excel® spreadsheet in a quantitative way. RESULTS: 152 students answered the survey (15.2% of the sample) and, out of these, 49.4% were vegetarian. 32.4% started this eating pattern bet ween the ages 12 and 18 and among their most frequent motivations were environmentalists (91.9%) and animalists (72.9%). 52.9% of vegetarians take vitamin B 12 supplementation but only 15.9% reported having this deficiency. 75.7% obtain information related to vegetarian diets through digital media. CONCLUSION: In the surveys answered, we found a high percentage of vegetarian students, the refore, health professionals need to be trained in this area to assure adequate nutritional education, supplementation if necessary, and follow-up.

Níveis de concordância com regras descritivas sobre comportamentos alimentares entre veg(etari)anos / Levels of agreement with descriptive rules on food behavior between vegans and vegetarians / Niveles de acuerdo con reglas descriptivas sobre comportamientos alimentarios entre veg(etari)anos

O vegetarianismo é uma prática que exclui carnes e pode evitar outros produtos de origem animal. Esta última modalidade está muito associada ao veganismo, uma filosofia que defende a libertação animal. Aderir a tais condições implica no seguimento de algumas normas que norteiam comportamentos alimentares e interações sociais. Partindo desse pressuposto, objetivou-se avaliar o nível de concordância, entre vegetarianos e veganos, quanto a regras que descrevem comportamentos alimentares. A pesquisa contou com 398 participantes, sendo 198 não estritos e 200 estritos, que responderam a um questionário on-line autoaplicável. Os dados, analisados via teste t, apontaram maiores níveis de concordância com comportamentos mais restritos entre vegetarianos estritos e veganos os quais também relataram maior embasamento em valores. Este estudo, que trouxe uma ótica de análise para os comportamentos alimentares em termos de localização de reforços, pode contribuir com novas práticas em saúde direcionadas às pessoas vegetarianas e veganas. (AU)

Vegetarianism is a practice that excludes meat and can avoid other products of animal origin. This latter modality is closely associated with veganism, a philosophy that advocates animal liberation. Adherence to these conditions implies following some norms that guide eating behaviors and social interactions. Based on this assumption, we aimed to evaluate the agreement level, between vegetarians and vegans, regarding rules that describe food behaviors. The survey included 398 participants, 198 non-strict and 200 strict vegetarians, who answered a self-administered online questionnaire. The data, analyzed by t-test, showed higher agreement level with more restricted behaviors between strict vegetarians and vegans, who also reported a higher base on values. This study, which provided an analysis perspective on eating behaviors in terms of reinforcement location, may contribute to new health practices aimed at vegetarians and vegans. (AU)

El vegetarianismo es una práctica que excluye carnes y también puede evitar otros productos de origen animal de la alimentación. Esta última modalidad está muy asociada al veganismo, una filosofía que defiende la liberación animal. Adherirse a tales condiciones implica el seguimiento de algunas normas que guían los comportamientos alimentarios e interacciones sociales. A partir de esta suposición, el objetivo fue evaluar el nivel de acuerdo, entre vegetarianos y veganos, en cuanto a las reglas que describen conductas alimentarias. La encuesta contó con 398 participantes, siendo 198 no estrictos y 200 estrictos, que respondieron a un cuestionario online autoaplicable. Los datos, analizados vía test T, señalaron mayores niveles de acuerdo con comportamientos más restringidos entre vegetarianos estrictos y veganos, los cuales también señalaron una mayor base en los valores. Este estudio, que trae una óptica de análisis para los comportamientos alimentarios en términos de localización de refuerzos, puede contribuir con nuevas prácticas en salud dirigidas a personas vegetarianas y veganas. (AU)

Estado nutricional, hábitos de alimentación y de estilo de vida en vegetarianos de Asunción y Gran Asunción, Paraguay / Nutritional status, eating habits and lifestyle factors among vegetarians from Asunción and Great Asunción, Paraguay

RESUMEN Una dieta vegetariana se define por la exclusión total o parcial de alimentos de origen animal. Cuando es planificada adecuadamente puede prevenir y tratar enfermedades. Sin embargo, una dieta restrictiva en ciertos alimentos debe ser evaluada. El propósito de esta investigación fue describir parámetros antropométricos, hábitos de alimentación y de estilo de vida en ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos y veganos y explorar diferencias en la ingesta de nutrientes críticos entre ambos grupos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos y veganos de Asunción, Paraguay, durante el 2015. Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos,, ingesta y hábitos de estilo de vida saludable. Participaron 17 ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos y 14 veganos. El 67,7 % (n= 21) se encontró normopeso, el 29 % (n= 9) presentó exceso de peso, y el 3,2% (n=1) bajo peso. Se presentó una ingesta inferior a los requerimientos en energía, carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas en ambos grupos de vegetarianos, e ingesta muy limitada de calcio y vitamina B12 en veganos. Las mujeres presentaron ingesta muy por debajo de las recomendaciones para hierro y calcio. Ninguna mujer vegana cumplió con la recomendación dietaria de vitamina B12. Al comparar grupos, se hallaron diferencias significativas en proteínas, calcio (menor consumo en veganos) y fibra (menor en ovo-lácteo-vegetarianos). La suplementación con vitaminas y suplementos también fue muy baja. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de una evaluación constante de la ingesta de nutrientes en una dieta vegetariana, a modo de evitar deficiencias o excesos, y la insoslayable tarea del nutricionista para el asesoramiento alimentario-nutricional a los individuos que expresen interés en adoptar este tipo de dieta.

ABSTRACT A vegetarian diet is defined by the total or partial exclusion of foods of animal origin. When properly planned it can prevent and treat disease. However, a restrictive diet in certain foods must be evaluated. The purpose of this research was to describe anthropometric parameters, eating and lifestyle habits of lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans, and to explore differences in critical nutrient intake between both groups. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out among lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans in the city of Asunción, Paraguay, during 2015. Anthropometric parameters,, intake and healthy lifestyle habits were evaluated. Seventeen lacto-ovo-vegetarians and 14 vegans participated. 67.7% (n= 21) were normal weight, 29.1% (n= 9) were overweight, and 3.2% (n= 1) were underweight. There was an intake lower than the requirements in terms of energy, carbohydrates, proteins and fats in both groups of vegetarians, and very limited intake of calcium and vitamin B12 in vegans. Women particularly had intake well below the recommendations for iron and calcium. No woman on a vegan diet met the dietary recommendation for vitamin B12. When comparing groups, significant differences were found in terms of protein and calcium, (lower consumption in vegans), fiber (lower in lacto-ovo-vegetarians). Vitamin supplementation was also very low. The results highlight the importance of constant evaluation of nutrient intake in a vegetarian diet in order to avoid deficiencies or excesses, and the very important work of the nutritionist for food and nutritional advice for individuals who express interest in adopting this type of diet.

Conocimientos alimentarios de vegetarianos y veganos chilenos / Food knowledge of Chilean vegetarians and vegans

Background: Vegetarian diets are becoming every day more popular due the increase of health concerns, moral motives and animal respect. Objective: To determinate through an online survey the vegetarian and vegan reasons to follow this type of feeding and their nutritional knowledge about the vegetarian diet. Subjects and methods: 319 surveys were done, 266 subjects declared themselves as vegetarians and 53 subjects as vegans. The main source of nutritional information in those groups was Internet (45%) and the main reason for being a vegetarian or vegan were moral principles (74%). In terms of nutritional knowledge and food sources, the vegans were more informed than the vegetarian population. Both groups did not know the consequences of micronutrients deficiencies and food sources of omega 3, vitamin D, vitamin B-12, zinc and iron. Conclusions: Vegetarians and vegans have insufficient knowledge to reach a balanced diet and to avoid micronutrients deficiencies. Health professionals should be prepared in this area to give adequate nutritional advice.

Introducción: Las dietas vegetarianas llaman la atención cada vez más debido a las crecientes preocupaciones acerca de la salud, principios morales y el respecto hacia los animales. Objetivo: Determinar mediante una encuestas on line las razones de vegetarianos y veganos para seguir este tipo de alimentación y los conocimientos que poseen con respecto a su alimentación. Suejtos y métodos: Se realizaron 319 encuestas a 266 sujetos que se autodeclararon vegetarianos y 53 a veganos. La fuente primaria de información fue internet (45%), la principal razón para ser vegano o vegetariano es el principio moral (74%), con respecto a los conocimientos y fuentes alimentarias, los veganos presentan mayores conocimientos que los vegetarianos, aunque ambos presentan importante desconocimiento tanto en las consecuencias de las deficiencias y fuentes alimentarias de omega 3, vitamina D, vitamina B12, zinc y hierro. Conclusiones: Los vegetarianos y veganos presentan conocimientos insuficientes para lograr una dieta equilibrada y evitar la carencia de nutrientes, lo que hace necesario que los profesionales de salud estén capacitados en esta área para orientarlos en forma adecuada.

Effects of a Brown Rice Vegetarian Diet and Outdoor Walking Exercise on Body Composition and Blood Lipid Parameters in Collegians

This study examined the effects of a brown rice vegetarian diet and outdoor walking exercise program on body composition and blood lipid parameters in collegians. The mean age of respondents was 21.8 yrs (males) and 21.7 yrs (females). During the ten-day program, the respondents lived in a dormitory and had three meals. The respondents exercised one hour in the morning (6:20~7:20 am) and attended one and a half hour evening lecture (7:00~8:30 pm) everyday. The brown rice vegetarian diet consisted of brown rice, whole grain bread, beans, fresh vegetables, and fresh fruits contained 2043.2+/-112.7 kcal (97.3% of RNI), 66.7 g protein (133.3% of RNI), 33.6 g dietary fiber (168.2% of RNI), vitamin A (194.2% of RNI), vitamin B1 (245.5% of RNI), vitamin B2 (225.1% of RNI), niacin (233.7% of RNI), vitamin B6 (277.1% of RNI), folic acid (128.4% of RNI), vitamin C (334.6% of RNI), iron (131.9% of RNI), zinc (112.4% of RNI) and calcium (60.3% of RNI). The results showed that there were significant increases in body weight (P<0.05) and BMI (P<0.05) in males and body weight (P<0.05) and lean body mass (P<0.01) in females. In addition, there were significant decreases in total cholesterol (P<0.001), LDL cholesterol (P<0.001), TG (P<0.05), and HDL-cholesterol (P<0.001) in males and total cholesterol (P<0.01) and LDL-cholesterol (P<0.01) in female. The ten day brown rice vegetarian diet rich in fiber and outdoor walking exercise program significantly increased body weight and decreased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in collegians.

Association between Hair Mineral Content and Nutritional Status in Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians

Previous studies have shown that plant-based vegetarian diets, which typically contain a variety of antioxidants and dietary fiber, help reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. However, some studies have reported that vegetarian diets can lead to deficiencies in protein and trace minerals compared to non-vegetarian diets. This study was conducted to compare anthropometric measurements, blood parameters, dietary intake, and hair mineral status in long-term vegetarians (MV; moderate vegan, LV; lacto-ovo vegetarian) and non-vegetarians (NV). Thirty MV (12 males, 18 females; mean age, 50.58 +/- 5.05 years), 15 LV (11 males, four females; mean age, 49.45 +/- 4.97 years), and 30 NV (15 males, 15 females; mean age, 48.90 +/- 3.62 years) participated. No significant differences were observed for age, height, weight, or body mass index, but body fat was significant lower in MV and LV males than that in NV males. White blood cell counts of MV, LV, and NV male subjects were significantly different. Dietary intake data showed that plant protein and plant iron intake were significantly higher in MV and LV than those in NV. Animal protein, animal fat, and animal iron intake were significantly higher in NV than those in MV and LV. A hair mineral analysis showed that calcium and iron were higher in the hair of MV and LV than those in NV. Zinc concentration in hair was not significantly different among the groups. The results suggest that vegetarian diets are adequate to sustain mineral status to at least the same degree as that of non-vegetarian diets.

Dieta vegetariana en la edad pediátrica / Vegetarian diet at pediatric age

The vegetarian diet constitutes an option among particular nutrition practices that can be adopted by the family or by the child-adolescent inspired by different motivations. A good planning is critical in order to appropriately satisfy the macro- and micro-nutrient requirements at different ages and stages of life, so that the child achieves normal growth and development. There are nutrients to which we must pay attention, because by excluding certain types of food from our diet a deficiency may arise. Among this types of food are: Omega-3 fatty acids, specially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which is important for the neurodevelopment and for the improvement of the sense of vision during pregnancy and the first year of life; iron deficiency can cause anemia; zinc, calcium and vitamin D deficiency that can have an impact on bone mineralization in the long term; and vitamin B12, this one is very important because its deficiency can cause potential neurological damages and hematological alterations in the child. This article presents a review on how to assess the diet of the child, the suggested study and the management of deficiencies, which can be handled by a well-balanced intake of other types of food and by the consumption of fortified foods or pharmacological supplementation in order to prevent clinical complications resulting from specific deficiencies. The benefits of a vegetarian diet are mainly the following: an improvement of the lipid panel, a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In addition, people that follow a vegetarian diet have healthier life habits.

La dieta vegetariana es una opción dentro de las alimentaciones especiales, la cual por diferentes motivaciones, la familia o el niño-adolescente puede adoptar. Resulta muy importante una buena planificación de ésta para cubrir adecuadamente los requerimientos de macro y micronutrientes en las diferentes edades de manera que el niño logre un crecimiento y desarrollo normales. Existen nutrientes a los cuales debemos estar atentos, porque al excluir ciertos alimentos de la dieta se puede propiciar su deficiencia. Dentro de estos alimentos están: los ácidos grasos omega 3, especialmente el docosahexaenoico (DHA) que participa en el neurodesarrollo y mejora la agudeza visual al estar presente durante el período de gestación y primer año de vida; el hierro, que al estar deficiente puede producir anemia; zinc, calcio y vitamina D que puede repercutir en la mineralización ósea como consecuencia a largo plazo; y la vitamina B 12, esta última de gran importancia por el potencial daño neurológico y alteraciones hematológicas que puede producir su carencia en el niño. En este artículo se revisa cómo evaluar la dieta de cada niño; el estudio sugerido y el manejo de las deficiencias, la cuales pueden ser manejadas mediante el consumo de otros alimentos en forma balanceada; y la utilización de alimentos fortificados o suplementación farmacológica de manera de evitar las complicaciones clínicas derivadas de las deficiencias específicas. Los beneficios de una dieta vegetariana son principalmente una mejoría del perfil lipídico, reducción del riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cánceres. Además, las personas que siguen una dieta vegetariana tienen hábitos de vida más saludables.

Osteoporose: questão nutricional / Osteoporosis: nutritional question

A osteoporose torna-se cada vez mais freqüente, na medida em que os erros alimentares se tornam mais intensos e a prática de esportes, menos valorizada. A grande quantidade de vitaminas e sais minerais presentes na alimentação vegetariana amplamente diversificada favorece o bom funcionamento ósseo, enquanto que a acidez de uma dieta não-vegetariana induz a desmineralização óssea. Os alimentos fritos e (ou) picantes, oleosos, e o excessivo uso de comidas refinadas, como doces, produtos de confeitaria, pães e outros produtos do trigo refinado, são importantes fatores incriminados nas doenças articulares. Neste contexto, o uso da soja tem-se demonstrado de importância crítica no trabalho preventivo e curativo da oesteoporose em todas as faixas etárias. Diante do exposto, há uma necessidade premente de se desenvolver estratégias efetivas na prevenção e controle da osteoporose, visto que atualmente o risco de morte por uma fratura relacionada à osteoporose supera as taxas de mortalidade dos cânceres de mama e ovário em conjunto.

The osteoporosis becomes more frequent because the mistakes related to our nutrition are more intense today, and the practice of sports less often. The great amount of vitamins and mineral salts present in the vegetarian foods amply diversified favors the good bone metabolism, while the acidity of a no vegetarian diet induces the bone demineralization. The fried and(or) spicy foods, the fatty ones, and the excessive use of those refined items as candies and bakery products are important factors incriminated in the diseases of the articulations. In this context the use of soy has being of critical importance for the control of the osteoporosis in the postmenopausal women. In face of the above exposed, it is urgent to develop effective strategies for the prevention and control of the osteoporosis, because nowadays the risk os death related to a osteoporotic fracture overcomes the breast and ovary's cancer mortality together.